Some of Mr. Stalling's Studies
Norman Group
Vormenfabriek
E&Co Letter Heights
E&Co Catalogues
E&Co F+M Series Moulds
Eppelsheimer + Co Records
English Registration Marks
Dutch Year Letters
Large E Masters in Bethesda
Large Complete CF Records of 1975
Early Fused Hinge, Type C Bronze MM
A Brief Outline of Ice Cream Moulds in America
Epelsheimer + Company
E + Co Cards
Eppelsheimer Special Moulds
Ernst, Jacob
Cognate Designs
Krauss Flat Moulds
Early Castings
S&Co Moulds Without Numbers
Vormenfabriek
Anthoine Predecessors
Brouilett-Perault
Commarmot
Boicervious-Commarmot + Cagny
Marie Letang / Marie Letang + Fils
Books, Directories + Journals
NORMAN GROUP:
Nürnberg became part of Bavaria 1806;Bavaria became part of Deutsches Reiche in 1871. “Geschutst/Nurnberg” in ellispse w star at ends on handle and base of Gnome w ground in front [WHT] and peasant woman w ground in front [Han] No 156 { Fo1P16}Large moulds have 3 R. Top of hinge sides taper inward toward R. {Fo 1,P21}
VORMENFABRIEK:
Model: A (Stahlit) one piece top plate into which blanks are mounted
B.One piece top plate, no seams between mould blanks (only for pastilles, cat tongues + other flat shapes.
C. soldered to stripes and these strips are folded and fixed to a frame.
D. Blanks are stamped into strips are folded and fixed to a frame (only for flat shapes)
E. Small, same as C.
F. Same as C but not folded.
G. Moulds for hand use.
H. Hinged eggs and other double moulds for hollow moulding.
J. For heavy Jeanjean stand and Jensen plant.
K. Aasted-mould.
L. Jensen-mould for massive plant
E & CO LETTER HEIGHTS
# H = Number height =? “Number types” 1,2,4 in 6:250 +a [! or --] # T = Number type [! or --]
E & CO CATALOGUES:{Stalling’s Folder 6, P6-18}
CATALOGUE YEARS : a = ante, before; co = copyright; c = circa, about; m = year of manufacture on mould; p = post, after.
1-2. 1872+1873.Thos. Mills +Bro. Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of Goods Manufactured by Thomas Mills + Brother,Proprieters of the United States Confectioners’ Tool Works. Philadelhia {Copies in Library of Congress} [No ice cream moulds listed]
3. 1880. Thos Mills + Bro. United States Confectioners’ Tool Works, Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of Goods Manufactured by Thomas Mills + Brother. Philadelph” {Copy in the New York Historical Society.. Page 108: “large Pewter Ice Cream Moulds and “Individual Pewter Ice Cream moulds”: Assorted birds + Animals, fruits + flowers, by the dozen” send for special circular for variety. Cuts of 3 large moulds [Cadot] and a block of small ones. Earliest list of moulds in US found to 1978 {Williams, Phila, adveftised them in 1846.
4. 1889 Valentine Clad. Catalogue and Price List {Copy in Smithsonian Institution, Museum of Science and Technology}
5. 1894. The Crandall + Godley Co. [In possession of Mrs Gretchen Toshach, Oden Mich. as of Sept 1975. Only limited Info available.
6. 1908. Confectioners and Bakers Supply Co., Chicago, Illinois, USA. Manufacturers of Machinery,
tools and supplies for confectioners, Ice Cream Makers, Hotels and Caterers{Full list of E+Co moulds. Listed alphabetically by “Lasrge “ and “Individual”. Cut of large hen and a chick. Describe selves as “Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers.)[29:119]
7. 1911 The Creamery Package Mfg Co, Ice crean nakers’ apparatus and supplies. Catalogue No. 302. 4th ed. Chicago, Kansas City etc, Spring 1911
8. Oct. 1913-Oct 1918. Eppelsheimer + Co. Price List of large and Individual metal ice cream molds. Eppelsheimer
and Co, 34-44 Hubert Street, New York City. Telepholne Franklin 602 No date [WSS copy from E+Co archives. The phone No first appears in directory Oct 1913 and last May 1918. No. before Franklin 5145; later Canal 0352. Prices will incr Oct 1, 1927. Original prices 30% greater than 7
9. 1922-10-1. Eppelsheimer + Co.Price List of Large and Individual Metal Ice Cream Moulds On cover:Top trade
Mark; Eppelsheimer + Co,. 34-44 Hubert Street, New York City. Telephone Canal 0352 [WSS copy from E+Co archives. Some line cutillust.]
10. 1925-5-1. Eppelsheimer + Co. Price List of Large and Individual metal Ice Cream moulds Top TM]. 34-44
Hubert st. NYCity Telephone Walker 6552 . 4 copies. [Same line cuts, differently placed as inb 9, One of Kewpie, “the latest addition to our assortment, typed in (Kewpie also listed in text also tipped in one copy.... later, is aeroplane 1131, +typed 1132 not listed in text. One copy has changes and additions
11.1928-29. Eppelsheimer+Co. Metal Molds for Ice Cream Fancy Forms Eppelsheimer+Co 34-44 Hubert Street, New York City[4copies from E+Co archives, one w imprint is (Order number 11 1929, [Illustrated=f Joe Lowe Corp, Brooklyn, NY, Los Angeles, Toronto, Baltimore,Chicaago Dating based on dates of latest moulds listed determined from E+Co records, catalogue dates late1928 or early 1929.
11A. 1929. Illustrations tipped into 11A. Moulds not listed in text. Two, bride and Groom E 1148 and 1149 were advertised w illustrations in /June 1929 i , 12-30-30 of 1951 Santa issue of The Ice Crean trade Journal The Ice Cream Review. The latest, cupid heart, E 1161 is dated by E+Co record of each version 1..New...Hollow Ice Cream Forms that can be filled with Jelly, Jam, Fondant, mousse, cake etc..3-2-35.
2. Announcing New Designs of Ice Cream Molds for Easter and Mother’s Day 4-4-35heart, E 1161 is dated by E+Co record of ea versions. Archives date later versionrlyord Turkey 650, Rotary 1110 are those (order number Nov 1929.[Illustions of Santa 911,
12. 1930.Cherry-Burrell General Catalogue of Equipment and Supplies for the dairy Industry. Catalogue No1930 [WSS purchase]
13. 1931 Cover reads: Presenting a complete Listing of Metal Molds for Ice Cream and Display Models. First page reads Metal molds for fancy ice cream forms, also display models Every design illustrated.
New York, Eppelsheimer+Co. ND [1931]covers imprinted for dealers: Joe Lowe Corp., Brooklyn NY; H.A.Johnson Co., Boston, Mass.; H.E. Selick, Inc., New York, NY{E+Co Archives) 1st fully illustrated E+”Co catalog. Advertised in Ice Cream Field, 1931-10, “Our New Illustrated...”; The Ice Cream Review Nov 1931. The Ice Cream Trader Journal, Oct 1931
13A. 1934. Broadside to be inserted into 14A. New Designs of Fancy Ice Cream Molds Developed since printing of Catalog. On reverse of one is written “1,000 printed by Rapp 8/8/34” etc13B. 1935. Broadsides for new moulds[F + M series] {E+Co Archives} 3. New Designs of Ice Cream Molds suitable for Halloween - Thanksgiving - Christmas 10-15-35. F = filled w unfrozen jelly,jam,findant,mousse etc Peinlich double moulds[1935-2-28]. M= same solid. [34:48-51]. To be patented but no evidence of a patent being issued.
14. 1938.Cherry-Burrell General Catalog. Complete Equipment and Supplies for handling +Co moulds without identifying maker]
15. 1939-1940 2nd Completely Illustrated Catalog. [E+Co Archives. Some covers imprinted 1940]
15A. 1940 2 Broadsides:
1. New Every progressive manufacturer will want this trio of money-making molds ( Shoe 1230; Rabbit 1229; Bride + Groom placque 1231) {E+Co records]
2. We are offering two new ice cream moulds: Turkey for group servings[Illus Turkey 6} The santa [1236]for individual serving {15 with 15A and 15B inserted are the last sheet reprinted for Duncan B. Wolcott}
16. 1951 American Chocolate mould Co., Inc. Price list ice cream moulds Successors to
Eppelsheimer + Co, Warren Bros. New York. {From Amer Choc Mold Co. Date told WSS bYPres,} E+Co “Order No” for dev of MM in “W.H.Warren’s IC Mould Index” (“Best Fit”] “Dates billed” from “IC mould Cost Tabulated”
E+CO F+M SERIES MOULDS1190-1209 [34:48-59] 1971-7:
On February 28, 1935,Eppelsheimer Co signed a contract with a Mr. Peinlich for a number of new moulds of tradional type but a “new style molds “, for making hollow ice cream forms that can be filled with Jelly, Jam, Fondant, Mousse, Cake, etc., etc., without freezing the filling”as well as for making solid ice cream forms. As described in the first advertisement, the new type moulds were “in two parts [ie a set of two moulds]. One part for base and the other part for top of design - Ice cream is moulded separately. Filling is placed in hollow of Ice Cream, then the cover or top is put in place - and may be sealed with whipped cream.” The advertisement also advised that application for a patent had been made.
Evidently these moulds were the creation of Peinlich and it appears that some of the master moulds must have been in finished form when the contract was dated. Two days later 1500 copies of an advertising broadside, illustrating 3 of the new moulds “suitable for St Patrick’s Day, had been printed and 1 000 mailed. Four days after this, on March 6, 1000 copies of a second broadside were printed which illustrated 8 more of the new designs, “for Easter and Mother’s day.” In the mean time, Schall + Co. had been interested in the new moulds and, on the following day, 500 copies of the second broadside were imprinted with their name. Sometime later, a third broadside, illustrating 8 more designs, “suitable for Hallowe’en, Thanksgiving, and Christmas,” was printed with the notation that the moulds “will be ready for shipment on October 15, 1935.”
From old records of Eppelsheimer + Co. it appears that Mr.Peinlich was a modeler and chaser, and that he designed and modeled new moulds and did chasing on new dies during the period, 1931-1939. I have found no identifiable entry for him in the New York Directories of the time, nor have I found a record that the patent for the new type moulds was ever issued. (New data found in 71-10]
Twenty new designs [1190-1209] and 25 newly listed mould designations [F +M prefixes, sometimes suffixes] were involved. Eleven of the 20 were F -type, five of these were repeated for M- type, 9 were produced as F-type only. The F-type used the same number for the two moulds, top and bottom, so the total of the new moulds was 36 different moulds in the group.
Six, F-type only, moulds (F1190,F1192,F1194, F1195, F1196,F1197) all have the word, “on base” in their title. The lower moulds which form these bases extend out beyond the edges of their upper moulds and provide ornamental borders. In F-1190 this is a plain verge; the others are decorated with leaves, scallops and other devices.Five mould s (F 1191,F1193,F1203, F1205, F1206) made M [solid ice cream moulds] bu using the top half of the top F-mould and the bottom half of the bottom F - mould. M moulds were listed and catalogued but the M was not cast on the mould. Nine M only moulds (M 1198,M1199, M2000, M 1201, M 1202, M 204, M 1207, M1208, M1209) were more successful than the others and all appear in Eppelsheimer + Co’s illustrated “Complete Catalog of 1940,” the F-designated moulds do not,having been dropped from the list of active moulds. Probably they were too complicated to use.
EPPELSHEIMER + CO. RECORDS:[Acquired 1946 by American Chocolate Mould Co (Samuel H. Friedwald; son Frank) are:
1. “Die Work” [loose-leaf notebooks]: Has prints of Chocolate Moulds, many of same design as in Ice Cream Moulds, viz., Zeppelin, Chick Egg, Dog, etc. Then follow prints of Ice Cream Moulds, followed by a sheet dated Feb. 9, 1944 “Designs not in catalogue” (24 items ending with 1243, Destroyer); another sheet, “Reserved Designs”, Feb. 9, 1944(20 items); followed by another page “Designs in catalog - no dies”, Feb 9, 1944 (5 items [ later found, cf. Friedwald Inventory of 1970 except 991 1/2, Santa Claus])
2. “Ice Cream Mould Numerical Index” given with note, “For other index of ice cream molds see section I binder marked W.H.W.[Walter H. Warren]”. This latter could not be found and is evidently lost. The Index contains information on dies apparently from 1927 on. Dates are few. Order Numbers for development and a nd other information appears to be internally consistent. Does have some omissions recorded in 3.
3. “Ice Cream Molds - Cost Tabulated.” Each numbered mould has sheet listing orders for moulds and development costs (of some late ones). Order numbers, dates, quantity and cost given. Dates 1921-1936. (Latest die development entry Jan ‘34, for 1185, “Old Fashioned Girl”. It evidently was transcribed from other sources and has inconsistencies, omissions, mis- identifications and other mistakes.
ENGISH REGISTRATION MARKS: Circle above diamond gives Class.. [G.A.Godden “Hdbk Brit Pottery...”1993]
Click here to see more information on English Registration Marks.
| 1842-67 Year letter at top,month R, Day L,Parcel bottom | |
| A = 1845 | N = 1864 |
| B = 1858 | O = 1862 |
| C = 1814 | P = 1851 |
| D = 1852 | Q = 1866 |
| E = 1855 | R = 1861 |
| F = 1847 | S = 1849 |
| G = 1863 | T = 1867 |
| H = 1843 | U = 1848 |
| I = 1846 | V = 1850 |
| J = 1854 | W = 1865 |
| K = 1857 | X = 1842 |
| L = 1856 | Y = 1853 |
| M = 1859 | Z = 1860 |
| 1868-83 Yr letter R, Month bottom, day top | |
| A = 1871 | L = 1883 |
| C = 1870 | P = 1877 |
| D = 1878 | S = 1875 |
| E = 1881 | U = 1847 |
| F = 1873 | V = 1876 |
| H = 1869 | W = (1-6 March 1878) |
| I = 1872 | X = 1868 |
| J = 1880 | Y = 1879 |
| K = 1993 | |
MONTHS |
|
| A = Dec | H = Apr |
| B = Oct | I = Jul |
| C = Jan | K = Nov + Dec 1860 |
| D = Sept | M = Jun |
| E = May | R = Aug (and Sept 1857) |
| G = Feb | W = Mar |
DUTCH YEAR LETERS 1820 to 1898 [B. Dubbe “Tin en Tinnegieters in nederlands ] [38:205]
1820-1844 CAPITAL A-Z. 1845-1853 SMALL a-i; 1854 k, 1855 l,1856 m, 1857 n, 1858 o, 1859 p, 1860 q, 1861 r, 1862 s 1863 t, 1864 u, 1865 v, 1866 w, 1867 x, 1867 z, 1869 A, 1870 B, 1871 C, 1872 D, 1873 E, 1874 G, 1875 H, 1876 J 1877 K, 1878 L, 1879 N, 1880 P, 1881 Q, 1882 R, 1883 S, 1884 T, 1885 U, 1886 V, 1887 X, 1888 Y, 1889 Z 1890 a, 1891 b, 1892 c, 1893 d, 1894-5 f, 1896-7g, 1898-99 h
LARGE E MASTERS IN BETHESDA:[D=Male; Co=Female] [15:2,5]
9 Dolphin (2) - Fe D 1/2 of R
10 Cat - Fe. D 1/2
13 Fish (2) - Bro
17 Lion (6) D 1/2 Co Fe
27 Hen (2)Bro D 1/2 of L
35 Horse Head (3) - D Bro, ot Fe
45 + 416 Doll’s head - Bro (rear 1/2)
LARGE COMPLETE CF RECORDS OF 1975
13 Fish 2 Parts- Bro
26 Cooing Doves
35 A Horse Head, 3 Parts Bro + Fe
108 Watermelon Bro
155 Lomotive 4 Parts Bro Ot Fe
192 Firecraker- Bro + Fe
193 Beacon Bro+Fe
102 0r 113 Cantaloupe (3) - Fe + 103 Fe D 1/2, Co Bro
108 Watermelon (7) - Bro
109 Champagne Bottle (4) - Fe. D 1/2 of (I)
111 Bunch of Asparagus (3) - 2 D 1/2’s metal?
150 Statue of Liberty - Bro. Face only
155 Locomotive. 2 MM Bro ++ D 1/2 of (F)
169 Santa Claus - Bro Front 1/2
192 Fire Cracker. - D Bro, ot Fe
193 Ball on pedestal - ot Bro, D Fe
EARLY FUSED HINGE, TYPE C BRONZE MM [15:1]
202 Acorn S S
204 Melon S
206 Half Peach S
208 Tomato S
233 Peach S
248 Pear C + S
252 Pineapple C
256 Grape Leaf S
602 Lobster S
604 Fish S
606 Clam shell S
612 CRAB S
668 HEN
905 BARREL S
A BRIEF OUTLINE OF ICE CREAM MOULDS IN AMERICA [32:57-60]:
As earlier might have been suspected, it now appears that the pattern of use of ice cream in the American Colonies followed that in England. Ice cream apparently came to England following the return of exiled Charles II from France in 1660, at which time Paris was adopting water ices and ice cream from Italy. Italians continued to be noted for their proficiency in making ices, and many Italian makers were to make their fortunes abroad, but it was the French Court and Paris that became the stylistic center for ways of making and of serving. The English except for a relative few, reluctantly and belatedly followed and modified the modes of France.
There is a record of Charles II being served ice cream at the feast of St. George of the Order of the Garter in 1671, only the King being served it. Ice cream remained an exotic luxury, for high places, state entertainments and affluent followers of French manners into the second half of the 18th century.
There was a brisk importation of goods from England into the Colonies, including books, among them cookery books. The first known published recipie for ice cream in an English Cookeries or Confectionary Book is in Mrs. Mary Eales’s Receipts, “Confectioner to her late Majesty Queen Anne,” 1718, and, as indicated in posthumous printings, she earlier had worked as a confectioner for King William and Queen Mary as well. I know of no case of Mrs Mary Eales’s receipts having turned up in early records of books sold or owned in America, but , interestingly, a copy of a 1742 edition, titled The Complete Confectioner, was in the Library of Thomas Jefferson.
Ice cream was served in America as early as 1744, by the Lady of Governor Thomas Bladan of Maryland. The occassion was recorded in a journal of William Black, a young Scot who was accompanying a Virginia Commission, apparently as secretary, which had stopped at Annapolis to join forces with Maryland Commissioners before proceeding on to Pe nnsylvania where, with commissioners of that colony, they were to treat with the Iriquois with reference to lands west of the Allegheny Mountains. Invited to dinner by Gov. Bladen, “We were received by his Excelency and his Lady in the Hall, where we were an hour Entertained by them, with some Glasses of Punch in the intervals of the Discourse; then the scene was chang’d to a Dining Room, where you saw plain proof of the Great Plenty of the Country, a Table in the most Splendient manner set out with Great Variety of Dishes, all serv’d up in the most Elegant way, after which a Dessert no less Curious; Among the Rarities of which Composed, was some fine Ice Cream which with Strawberries and Milk, eat most Deliciosly.”
In 1744 ice cream was still a rarity in England, and William Black’s description suggests had not experienced it in Virginia. However, some 25 years later it was being served in the Governor’s Palace in Williamsburg during the tenure of Governor Lord Botetcourt and may well have been served in Virginia before then.
EPPELSHEIMER + COMPANY [32:41-56]
Founded by Peter Rudolph(sometimes given as Peter or Rudolph) and Henry Eppelsheimer. Before its demise in mid 20th century the company was to produce probably more designs than any other firm in Europe or America with the possible exception of the House of Cadot in Paris during its long history. The name first appears in New York City Business Directfories in 1885 but much of its stock of mastermoulds dated prior to 1800.
The parents immigrated from the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt affiliated with the kingdom of Prussia (They are listed in one census enumeration as being from Prussia. The father, John, given occupation had preceeded the family in October of 1854. Six months later their mother, Catherine, arrived with 3 small children, Peter Rudolph, Henry and Anna, ages 4,3, and 1. Three months later a fourth child, Catherine, was born. The father’s occupation was listed in directories as barkeeper, wine dealer, porter, distiller, liquor dealer, rectifier, bottler, porter, superintendant, clerk and foreman. He died in 1878 or early1879 age 55 or 56, when Peter Rudolph was 27-28 and Henry 25-26.
By the time he was 18 Peter Rudolph was following his father and working in the liquor trade and in 1872 when he was 21 and Henry 19, they both are listed as clerks at the same address where their father is listed as a bottler. They soon changed their occupations and in 1875-76 Peter was selling flowers, in 1876 and 1877 wax materials and during the years 1878-80 he listed himself in Wilson’s business directory as a coal dealer. Henry is not listed in Trow’s Directories from 1875 to 1878 and perhaps he was away, learning metal crafting. If so, he returned home at the time of his father’s death. Trow’s City Directory issued May 1, 1879 lists selling coal at Peter’ coal yard and that of 1880 a clerk. But the enumeration for the census of 1880, taken June 2 gives his occupation as tinsmith. In 1880 Peter Rudolph is also listed as an agent. In 1881 a new trade for him appears, cutler, while Henry is still listed as a clerk. In 1882 Peter Rudolph is listed selling moulds at 19 Third Ave. while Henry’s occupation is given as metals, 29 Cliff, as it was the following year when Peter Rudolph is listed as a smith and selling tinware at the rear of 154 Bleeker. street. This is the first mention of the long time address of Eppelsheimer Co on Bleeker street. In 1885, when the name Eppelsheimer + Co. first appears in Trow’s New York City Business Directories, Henry took out a patent on a tin Ice Cream pudding mould. In March 1887 the company was first listed in Wilson’s New Yotk City Copartnership and Corporation Directory where the partners are given as, Henry and P. Rudolph Eppelsheimer, 164 Bleeker. Thus it appears that the years shortly before and after 1880 were formative ones leading to the establishmentof the company.
Eppelsheimer +Co produced both pewter ice cream moulds and tin confectionery moulds. That much of their early stock of mastermoulds for casting ice cream moulds was in existence prior ot 1880 is evidenced by an 1880 catalog in the collection of the New York Historical Society: Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of Goods Manufactured by Thomas Mills + Brother, Philadelphia. Therin, on page 108, headed “Large Pewter Ice Cream Moulds”, is a list of 74 banquet size moulds in the Eppelsheimer numbering system and sequence, accompanied by three unidentified illustrations of ice cream moulds by Cadot of Paris which, while they served the dealer’s purpose, do not belong to the list at the bottom of the page, accompanied by another illustration (of uncertain source), “Individual Pewter Ice Cream Moulds” of “Assorted Birds and Animals”, “Fruits and Flowers” are noted with the request to “Send for special circular for variety.” It is unfortunate that the small moulds are not listed by number but there is no doubt that the large moulds were cast from mastermoulds which were later in the Eppelsheimer stock if they were not so in 1880. Furthermore, they represent most, if not all, of the subjects of Banquet size mastermoulds in their collection when the Eppelsheimer bothers retired in 1902, they having recast some of those in the original stock and concentrated on the addition of new individual size designs during the intervening years. Who cast the moulds being sold by Thomas Mills and Brother in 1880 is unclear. A shortened list of the same moulds with the same illustrations appeared in an 1889 catalog of Valentine Clad, Philadelphia, with a note that they are only a few of the large number carried in stock (Copy
in the Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of American History). Both firms were large confectionery and ice cream makers’ supply houses which specialized in the manufacture of machinery and tools and procured many small items from outside sources, usually without identification of makers. Both also sold many of the same clear toy candy and chocolate moulds. At least from early in the 1890’s pewter ice cream moulds stamped with their own marks were cast for them by Frederick Krauss, who provided the same service for other confectionery supply houses and the moulds earlier thought by some writers to be the work of Thos. Mills and Bro., and Valentine Clad, were made by Frederick Krauss. The list did not appear in the Thomas Mills and Brother catalogue of 1872; in fact there was no mention of ice cream moulds of any kind altough candy moulds appeared along with confectioners’ machines and commercial size ice cream freezers (Copy in Library of Congress). The 1880 list of pewter ice cream moulds would appear to post date 1872 and, although they do not belong to the list, the metal cuts which illustrate Cadot moulds provide a suggestion as to when Thomas Mills and Brother began to carry pewter ice cream moulds. The illustrations can be dated to be no earlier than 1876, the year Cadot registered his trade mark which can be discerned on them (Particularly if they are enlarged.) A further word here about the metal cuts: The same cuts were used by Thomas Mills and Brother as late as 1917, as well as by V. Clad + Son, and by August Maag of Baltimore, with no accompanying list of moulds but with an invitation to send for one (Copies in the Alice R. Stallings Memorial Foundation.) F.A.Walker Co., Boston, used
them in an 1886 catalog to advertise moulds they identified as French (Mrs. Louise K. Lantz collection) and the same cuts headed a full listing of Frederick Krauss’ moulds (Krauss not named) in the catalogue of the Crandall + Goodley Co., New Yor, in 1896 or 1897 (Copy in the Metropolitan Museum of Art). They probably were used by other dealers too. Either they were easily available from a dealer in commercial cuts or an agent of Cadot had widely distributed them as an inducement for orders. The 1880 list has moulds which are replicas of known French and German examples and the mastermoulds from which all of them were cast were almost certainly copies of European ones. Identified replicas have their counterparts in known moulds by Cadot and by Letang Fils of Paris and by Johannes Reinöhl of Ullm and Johann Georg Normann of Nürnberg. Thirty-six of the 74 moulds listed are represented in the collection of surviving Eppelsheimer + Co. mastermoulds in the Alice R. Stallings Memorial Foundation. Ten of these have had no marks stamped into them. Others of the list are known by pewter moulds cast from the missing mastermoulds, and some of these are unmarked but the technical features and treatment of their hinges and
handles are the same as on marked Eppelsheimer + Company moulds. In the Eppelsheimer numbering system blocks of numbers originally were reserved for different categories of size and subject and filled as mastermoulds or new designs were added to the stock. Numbers 1-199 were reserved for large banquet size moulds; 1-99 for animals and birds; 100-149 for fruits, vegetables, flowers and a wine bottle; 150-199 for figures and other objects. (The system was to be distorted somewhat by their successors.) The large moulds listed in the Mills’ 1880 catalogue represent most if not all of the Eppelsheimer stock of banquet size mastermoulds when they retired in 1902. They having concentrated on the introdiction of individual size mould in the interim, unfortunately the Mills’ catalogue does not list small moulds by number. Seven of the surviving master moulds were made of iron, the others of bronze or b rass. Six of the iron ones are now represented only bya part which carried the interior design, the only ppart saved. Three of these are also represented by mastermoulds of bronze or brass, replacements for the iron ones. One of the more interesting of the surviving master moulds is a face, in bronze, of the Statue of Liberty. The complete mould with its base being the largest set of ice cream moulds known, standing 37 inches high and requiring 18 quarts of ice cream to fill. Bartholdi, the sculptor of the statue, modeled its face after his mother, and the bronze master mould bears a far greater resemblance to photographs of her than does the face of the Statue of Liberty itself; This master mould was later replaced in the Eppelsheimer stock by another, which has the flattened bridge of the nose characteristic of the actual Statue. It also resembles another of Bartholldi’s early models, the face of Liberty in Delacroix’s painting Liberty Leading the People.
Pewter moulds cast from this mastermould bear the earliest type of Eppelsheimer + Co. cast marks. The Statue of Liberty of course was not completed until 1884 and not erected on Bedloe’s Island and dedicated until 1886. The completed torch and hand had been exhibited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 and later that year in New York. Quite like;ly the ice cream mould was used for banquets honoring Bartholdi who had accompanied the torch and hand to the exhibition, and certainly moulds from one of the two mastermoulds were used after 1880 for dinners to raise funds for the base which was paid for by contributions from American citizens. The moulds on the list thus were from a collection of mastermoulds assembled from diverse sources and of different metals. It seems likely they were assembled on the occassion of the centennial exhibition.
E+CO CARDS: 916-931 (9 to Qt) 1971 cf later 1972, info on dies - Now known to be 3 series. [34:24-27.]
1. The original E+Co card moulds were probably issued about 1885, the full set consisting of 16 cards, 4 aces and 3 face cards for each of the 4 suites. The design of a card, in intaglio, is in the upper half of a mould; the lower half is plain. The two halves are almost the same shallow depth, c. mm(on the interior), c. mm in the case of the lower. The moulds otherwise measure c mm x mm on the interior.
2. The basic design of each of the three face cards, kings, queens, and jacks, is identical in the four suites, the suite being indicated by use of a circular insert, 18mm(18.5mm) in diameter, into which the appropriate suite symbol has been recessed. The joints of these inserts filling circular holes in the card cases are quite evident. These inserts were used in two corners of the face carded moulds and , to form the ace moulds, in the centers of those.
3. The upper halves of he moulds are unmarked. The lower halves have small cast initials, “E+Co/NY” 9Type I mark) in the center. There evidently may have been more than one set of dies for the bottom half which could be used with any of the upper halves. At some time at least one (918) had a cast number (Type IV mark) added below the “E+Co/NY”. This was occassionally used with the upper half of a different catalog number and when so used is apt to have the cast number scratched or filed out. Some moulds bear the catalog numbers stamped on the hinge. Most show no numbers.
4. New moulds for the aces were produced sometime prior to the issuance of the 1931 illustrated catalog. S+
Co(Krauss) for years and marketed card moulds with large symbols, striking as ice cream moulds. E+Co was moved to replace their aces with new mulds having similar large symbols.
5. Two versions of these new ace moulds exist. The earlier version consists of completely new top halves which fit and utilize the old bottom halves. Like the original tops, they bear no cast letters or numbers. The second version is heavier than the latter, with desisgns and interior measurements the same but with the bordering line of the cards strengthened and walls of he moulds thickened. Exterior measurements are . The tops bear no cast numbers or initials but the bottom has a large cast “EE. + Co./ N.Y. (Type VI mark).
6. A cryptic entry in one of the notebooks forming part of the E+Co record and listing new moulds may give the date of the new ace moulds with the large symbols. It reads, “I cream mould replacements in showcase, 1/7/27 -cards- order 17687” From the type of mark on the bottoms of the second version of the new aces, they would seem to be the result of additional die work some 2 to 5 years later.
EPPELSHEIMER SPECIAL MOULDS [34:155-175]:
From time to time the American Chocolate Mould Company received inquiries about the possibility and costs of producing especially designed Ice Cream moulds. Most often the Friedwalds discouraged this approach and suggested that the prospective customer try to utilize a mould from the existing stock of designs. The cost to the customer of making a model and then producing a master mould of a new design was usually around $300 or more plus the cost of the ice cream moulds to be cast from it was reason enough to discourage most inquirers. As late as the 1930’s Eppelsheimer and Company’s policy had been to absorb a greater or lesser part of the expense of developing a specially ordered mastermould if it had any promise of general appeal and then add the mould to the stock list for public sale. By the time the American Chocolate Mould Company had acquired the business such a policy was no longer economic; there just were not enough ice cream moulds being sold.
The American Chocolate Mould Company did produce a few new ice cream moulds and a few that were modified from old master moulds.The number of examples of any produced was small. For the earlier ones the traditional steps from model to chases bronze master mould were followed. In the late 1950’s there were experiments with short cuts which led to moulds being produced from mastermoulds made within the company’s own shop of an unidentified metal casting compound and supplementary devices. These are patently expedients. Concern was focused on reproducing the primary element of a design and assembly of finished pewter moulds could require considerable special work by the craftsman. Traditional details, such as finger and hinge lugs, were not integral parts of these mastermoulds. Hinges were soldered directly to the sides of the assembled pieces and although finger lugs might be soldere to the finished moulds, usually they were omitted. Where possible, parts of old E+Co. mastermoulds were utilized, such as for the bottom halves of medallion moulds. None of the moulds produced by the American Chocolate Mould Coompany bear marks unless old E+Co master moulds were used and these parts may bear the original Eppelsheimer + company marks.
Ten or twelve moulds produced by the American Chocolate Mould Company have been identified. The following list is compiled principally from surviving mastermoulds and corresponcence files, supplemented by conversations with the late Mr. Samuel Friedwald, president of the company, and with veteran craftsmen in the shop, who recalled the making of some of the moulds. I have also been fortunate to find examples of most of the moulds themselves. The correspondence files have been most helpful from 1955 on; unfortunately, the correspondence of previous years largely had been retired and has not survived.
1. Ohio Bell
2. Suburban Propane
3. 1955 Swift Centennial, a two-piece mould, capacity 6/qt, interior 11x9x1.5cm, a plaque with intaglio reversed on top interior “185-1955/Swift/Centennial”. Outside of mould is plain .
The master mould for the upper pice piece which bears the inscription, is cast in bronze and is like older E+Co mastermoulds in construction. For the lower piece a mastermould in stock, that for the lower pieces of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad centennial series of moulds, E+Co 1120-1129, was used.
The steps in its history are of interest. The mould was ordered by Swift and Company on 1955-1-4. The model for the mould was completed by 1-21 and forwarded to Swift+Co for approval. With its return the casting of the mastermould was subcontracted to a foundry. By 4 February the mastermould was in hand and 6 ice cream moulds had been poured by the American Chocolate Mould Company and forwarded to the customer. Six more moulds were ordered and delivered in March. Total cost of the 12 ice cream moulds to Swift +Co was $487.30, itemized as follows: model, $50.00; mastermould, $300.00; 12 plaque ice cream moulds “inscribed with your letters” @ $10.00 each, $120.00; tax $12.30
4. 1956. S.S. Empress of Britain, a 2-piece mould, 14.8cm long, capacity c. 8/qt, a modification of E+Co mould 1228.
Responding to an inquiry 1956-3-2 from J.J.Joubert Limiteea , a Montreal dairy, about the possibility, cost, and time required to make an ice cream mould of a new Canadian Pacific Liner, the S.S. Empress of Britain (which inquiry had been refered to the American Chocolate Mould Company by Schall and Company), the cost of making the necessary equipment for a new mould was quoted as approximately $300 to $350, the cost of then producing the moulds, $12 each; time to make the mastermoulds, about 6 to 8 weeks.
In the same reply it was noted that, from a picture of the vessel, the S.S. Empress of Britain appeared to very closely resemble a master mould in stock, excepting that the master mould had 2 stacks rather than one. One of the stacks could be eliminated and if the solution was acceptable a mould could be provided $12, with immediate dellivery. There followed a visit to New York by the catering superintendent of Canadian Pacific Steamship LTD., who approved the suggestion, choosing the rear funnel to be eliminated. Six moulds were produced and shipped to Montreal on 26 of March.
5+6, 1956+1958. Penguin, a two-piece mould 10.2cm tall, 13/qt, and a two piece mould 13.5cm tall, 8/qt capacity. In 1956- 10 a penguin, size 8/qt was ordered Hendler Creamery Company , Baltimore. A model was made and shipped for approval of the customer. It proved to be smaller than the customer had in mind and he became disinterested. Indeed test by Hendlers indicated it to have a “cut” or capacity of 13/qt rather than 8. Two years later the customer reopened the matter and a larger penguin was produced. This time the mould wass enthusiastically received.
Parts of the mastermould of the larger penguin, composed of a metal casting compound, and a block mould in lead of part of the smaller one survive. These were cast within the American Chocolate Mould Company shop. Whether theree are any surviving finished examples of the smaller penguin mould is questionable; The model which was sent to Baltimore was returned in 1958 and presumably only used as a model to sculpt the larger one;there is no record in the files of any having been sold, of the larger penguin, at least 8 were produced, in the spring and summer of 1958. The cost including the models, was $380.
The identity of the customer who placed the order with the Baltimore Ice Cream Company and his motivation are not recorded in the correspondence. However, it would seem quite likely that Antarctic expeditions were involved; The U.S.Navy’s Operation Deep Freeze of 1955-56, led by Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, and activities of the International Geophysical Year 1957-58. There are also Navy precedents; with his return to a hero’s welcome in 1930 after establishing Little America and flying over the South Pole in 1929 Eppelsheimer + Co. had been commissioned to produce an ice cream mould of (then commander) Byrd, a bust (E+Co.1165), and in 1940 or 41, just before WW II, moulds of a cruiser, an aircraft carrier, a submarine, and a destroyer (E+Co. 1240-43) were commissioned by some Navy group, the last moulds that Eppelsheimer + Company produced.
7.Owl. A replacement for E+Co 663. A 2-piece mould, 9.2x5.7cm, capacity 8/qt. There is no record of this mould in the files. Its placement here is based on the mastermould, which is of the same type as the Penguin(4) and Thistle Medallion(5) and identified by veteran craftsmen of the American Chocolate Mould Company as having been made in the company’s shop about the same time. This typpe is not represented among the mastermoulds which identifiably formed the Eppelsheimer and Company collection. The mastermould for the E+Co Owl 663 ª˚(known from pewter moulds) is missing; this one is marked 663 on the outside;apparently the E+Co mastermould was lost or broken and this one made to replace it.
It is of interest to compare this mould with the one it replaced. It was based on E+Co 663 but there are considerable differences. A cast of E+Co 663 presumably was used as a primary model but was modified in subsequent sculpting and chasing. Fine marking of the feathers is gone and the shape altered. The finished mould of E+C 663 is smooth on the outside; on this feathers are indicated. On E+Co 663 the finger and hinge lugs were cast with the mould and it was hinged on one side; the mastermould of this has no provision for hinge and finger lugs and finger lugs and the hinge were soldered to the wall of the pewter mould after it was cast - the easiest place to mount the hinge was the straight surface of the bottom and this is where it was soldered in the examples I have seen. Except for possibly the very earliest castings, E+Co 663 bears characteristics E+Co marks; this mould has no marks.
8. Thistle Medallion 1957. A two-piece mould. 8.6x8.6x1.4cm, capacity 7/qt, with on the top interior a stylized thitle in intaglio, on the top exterior the design in relief. A mastermould and a die of the upper piece, in a hard unidentified metal composition, survive. These were made in the company’s shop. The function of the die is not clear; as shown by an example of a finished ice cream mould the upper piece was cast, not stamped; the die may have been experimental or intended for another type of mould. For the lower piece of ice cream mould an Eppelsheimer + Company master mould was used, that for the Rotary Emblem (E+Co 1110) and other medallion moulds of the same diameter.
The record -file for the mould appearsto be incomplete. The mould was ordered at the time of an undated visit by a representative of a New York Hotels’ and Caterers’ Supply House. In 1957-2 there is a confirmation order for 12 “Ice Cream Moulds with special design as per sample [model?]. The 12 ice cream moulds, “plus the original model, were delivered in the same month at a price of $130. There was no entry for the cost of a mastermould. Presumably the mould was made for the use of a Scottish-oriented group.
9. Star of David 1957. A two-piece medallion, capacity 7/qt, interior dimensions 8.6x8.6x1.4cm, with top interior in intaglio a star of David within a circle. Outside of mould is plain. Moulds may also have been made with design in relief. As early as 1956-1 th e Ameri.can Chocolate Mould Co. had received enquires regarding the availability of a “Star of David” ice cream mould. This they did not have and the inquirer was advised that the cost to produce the necessary “tools and dies [mastermoulds]” would be approimately $300.00, plus the cost of finished moulds at $10.00 each. In the spring of 1957, however, in response to an urgent request from an old customer in Canada, they were able to forward, at nominal cost, “A mould made up entirely by hand without going into expensive dies[mastermoulds]”. As a result of this successful experience they apparently produced a small supply of Star of David moulds for in September inquirers were told that the mould was in stock and immediately available. The correspondence files reflect their availability also in 1958,59 and 60. As late as 1965 there was an inquiry for the mould; by this time they were no longer available.
The manner in which the moulds were made without benefit of having expensive mastermoulds cast is suggested by surviving metal artifacta which were among the collection of mastermoulds acquired from the American Chocolate Mould Co.. These are 4 “Ice cream metal”(Pewter) discs with the Star of David design within a circle on one side. One of these disks is enclosed in an iron collar which rises above the level of the design. A disk like these 4 forms the upper piece of a finished ice cream mould found in a New York city antique shop. [The lower piece is from the mastermould for the lower piece of the Rotary Emblem (E+Co 1110) and other E+Co medallion moulds of this size]
The Star of David disks were evidently made by pouring the pewter over a pattern mould which had been fitted with a raised collar to form a receptacle. The Star of David design was relatively simple and the pattern could have been easily produced within the shop in any one of a variety of suitable materials . After the pewter was poured over the design the pattern was removed and when the metal cooled the resultant disk was tapped out of the collar [from the top of the poured surface in order that the design not be marred.] That the cast might be stubborn to remove is evident from the surviving one with the collar which shows the marks of heavy hammer blows and which has been broken in an attempt to free it; at the broken spot pewter still adheres to the iron collar. Two of the other discks and the top piece of the finished mould also show similar hammer marks. An ice cream mould was completed by soldering a hinge to the disk and to a lower piece which had been cast from an E+Co bronze mastermould, as in the case of the Thistle Medallion.
In the case of two of the four disks the design is in relief and the designs differ in small dimensions from those with the design in intaglio. The former, like one of the latter, are thick (ie 3/8 inch) and heavy, may have been experimental pieces or merely kept as records, but suggest that finished moulds with design in relief as well as ones design in intaglio may exist.
10. Plain round Box. A two-piece plain box, interior dimensions 7.6x7.6x2.5cm No record of this mould was found in the files nor is there a mastermould. According to veteran craftsman, Sally , 2 dozen and a stock sample were made in the 1950’s. There is no hinge lug and finger lugs and hinge were soldered to curved surfaces of the mould. Like the other moulds of this period it has no marks.
11. Wachovia Bank Building,Chafrlotte, N.C..1958 I have never seen this mould nor have I found artifats identifiablely related to its manufacture. The records indicate that only 3 were made. It was ordered 1958-1-17, with an accompanying photograph, in the hope that existing mastermoulds could be utilized. Only 4 days later a mould was shipped, with a charge of $24; thus it would seem that indeed casts from mastermoulds in stock had been modified and assembled. Two more moulds were ordered and were shipped 2-7 at a price of $25 each.
12. New Orleans International Airport 1959. A 3-piece table service mould, interior dimensions 15.1x6.6x6cm, capacity 1 pint. The New Orleans International airport was opened in 1959 and in October of that year 6 moulds to represent the terminal building were ordered, a mastermould was produced, and the 6 moulds were forwarded with a charge of $290. The moulds were evidently urgently needed in Atlanta and that is where they were sent; the bill was mailed to a dairy in New Orleans.
The moulds were made with the use of 1 mastemould (Bronze), casts from which served for both front and rear facades of the building. Although the casts reproduced the salient features of the design, it was then necessary to trim the casts to the desired shape with a hacksaw. The space between the facades was formed by strips cut from a sheet of pewter, then hand-shaped and soldered together and to the facades to make 2 pieces, duplicates, which were then joined by a hinge at one end. An open hinge at the other end served as a lock. The bottom was formed by a piece also cut from a sheet of pewter and hinged to one of the aforesaid pieces. A loop handle was soldered to the piece not hinged to the bottom in order to make opening the mould easy. The male element of the master mould survives.
ERNST, JACOB (32:1 to 40) b. 1813 Württemburg, Germany. 1854 119 Eldridge st [lower Manhattan] NYC patterns. 1855 Pattern maker[designer and maker of moulds]. 1857 moved to bldg in rear of146 Forsyth ‘mouldmaker”, “mooulds”, rarely “models”. 1876 moved to bldg in rear of 197 Allen St. until death 1885-10-16. Buried in Lutheran cemetery, listed as married 1855 census, single 1860 and 1880. Listed Sugar Mould Manufacturers in Wilson’s Busines Directory for NYCin 1868 but not 1867 and 1869.Frederic Ernst(? relative) an ornamental confectioner first listed in Trow’s New York City Directory in 1849, advertised Jacob Ernst’s moulds for 1858-59, 1859-60 and 1860-61.
First period : Hinges fashioned from tubes, 7-8mm in diameter, having a flange along one side which was to form the tabs of the hinges. From these tubes the two halves of the hinge were cut with three rounds, the center round [9 to 14.5mm] being wider than the outer two[5.5-8mm]. Eleven examples are known. Three are stamped “J.Ernst” above “N.York”. In 10 cases the hinges were soldered to lugs cast with the mould. In one case it is soldered to the mould directly. Sometimes a shim is between hinge and lug. Ernst used considerable solder building the sides up to form an inverted V in cross section; most have nearly parallel sides but thick, 11-15mm across. Solder was applied over the ends covering the pins. The ends and perhaps the sides were filed down: Ends parallel and flat. Edges may be beveledslightly. Finishing the sides of a hinge left a shelf 1.5-3mm wide at the rounds. Finger lugs were soldered. The kissing Doves have a second hinge as a latch; the Oyster mould latch is simpler, a filed triangular groove + soldered catch.
Second Period:Hinge cast from a hinge mould, reducing the amount of work required to assemble the pewter casts. There were 5 rounds reduced to 4 or 3 because of the size of themould or the length of the lug. Rounds are 6.5mm wide and 7.5mm in diameter 9the outer rounds may be reduced by finishing or wear. Most hinge tabs are 4.5mm wide, but in 2 cases tabs are as narrow as 2mm. The tab is attached by liberal application of solder covering the outside of the seam while there are gaps on the inside of the seam.[32:2-7]. Moulds are heavier than E+Co or K. two are stamped “J.M.Horton Co /3054.Av”. 2 others stamped “HW” or “MH”{?caterer or cream co].
Technical features:[32:30-)
The moulds are heavy, like those of the preceeding group(31?) and suggestive of German moulds. The Hinges cast from the hinge mould Ernst used have tabs varying slightly from 4.5mm wide and rounds 6.5mm wide and 7.5mm in diameter. On the moulds the width of the outer rounds may vary from this due to the finishing operation and degree of subsequent wear. The hinges were soldered to the hinge lugs cast with the mould walls (Type “B”). On the two exceptions (Basket of flowers 7.1x6.3 and 2 eggs 4.7x3cm) the lugs were built on with solder (Type A modified). On most moulds the hinges have five rounds but the number might be reduced to four (Basket w flower top 5.2x5.2, Daisy 6.3x6.3cm, Lily 3-piece 7.4cm, Passion Flower 7cm, Rose, Wavy edge,6.7cm, Egg w chicken+Rabbit design5.4x4cm) or three (Lemon 6x4.3cm, Rose 5x5cm), according tothe length of the lugs to which the hinge was to be soldered. The hinges were attached to the moulds by liberal and usually smooth application of solder covering outsides of the abutted tabs and lugs. On the inside gaps at the seams are typical. In most cases the solder has not reached the inner surface; in some the solder has flowed through in spots, perhaps overlapping the side of the lug or tab or both.
On the mould with Ernst’s mark and one other the outer sides of the hinge were built up toward the mould walls, forming an inverted “V” in cross-section (Pear 6.3x6.3cm, Baasket with flower top 5.2x5.2cm), 15 and 20mm across at the walls. On most the sides are approximately parallel, when the mould is closed, perhaps sloping outward or inward to the mould walls. Thicknesses vary from 10 to 14mm (most 11-12mm). Solder was applied to the ends over the pin aperatures. (In a few cases the solder is worn off of one or both ends.) Filing left the ends flat, the sharp edges often reduced by slight bevels, and approximately parallel unless, as in a few cases, the length of the hinge exceeded that of the lug on the mould, in which cases one or both ends will taper toward the mould walls. Finishing the sides left small shelves at the rounds of the hinge (c. 1- 2.5mm wide, median 2mm). Finger lugs were both soldered and cast with the mould wall, and on many of the moulds it is difficult to tell which from visual inspection.
Several of the moulds have special treatment. In one case (Easter egg with chicken and rabbit) shims were introduced between the hinge tabs and lugs, as was done on some of Ernst’s postulated early period moulds, also involving considerable handwork are the two moulds without cast hinge lugs: In the case of the two eggs ( 4.7x3cm) all four halves of the eggs were individually cast from the same master, each pair was then bridged with solder and soldered finger lug applied; in the case of the basket of flowers mould (7.1x6.3cm) the hinge lugs and finger lugs were fashioned with solder.
The two saucers and the bottom halves of the three medallions have incised circles applied with a cutting tool on a lathe after the moulds had been cast, and applied in different configurations on individual moulds from the same mastermould, inside as well as out. One of the saucers without spout(11.1x11.1cm) has been fitted with a quasi-funnel soldered to the lower half of the mould, the upper and lower rims of the mould being filed to provide a hole With the abutting rims sealed with a mastic, water or liquid preparaatioon coiuld be poured into the mould for freezing. The two 3-piece moulds have latches. That on the Basket (8.6x6.2cm) a large and elaboratew cast one, that on the lily(7..4cm a simple filed groove and soldered catch. The lower halves forming the Dishes, for the Pineapple(10.3x7.3cm) and the Lobster(10.3x7.2cm) were cast from the same mastermould, as were the lower halves of the medallions (Tomato7.3x7.3,Camelia 7.3x7.3cm, Eagle 7.3x7.3cm) and the lower half of the unidentified flower (6.3x6.3) and that of the Morning Glory((6.3x6.3cm).
The abutting rims of the Passion Flower (7cm) and one of the Roses (6.7cm) are undulated [have a wavy edga] to enhance the blooms. Slight ridges are present around the outer edges of the rims of the Lemon, Cucumber and Potato, and the lower halves of the medallions. The stem of the Daisy has been pared down on the outside by tooling on a lathe after it was cast.
This detailed and somewhat involved description is given partly because most Ernst moulds are unmarked and more difficult than those of some other marks for collectors to identify, partly because it is pertinent to build a record of Ernst traits. Once recognized his hinges and their treatment provide distinctive identification. His late period hinges may be confused on first inspection with some used by Eppelsheimer + Co., but on these E+Co hinges the widths of the 3 middle round is a ffraction of a millimeter greater, the tabs are wider, the seams of the tabs and hinge lugs are typically tight or fused on the inside, solder was not placed over the pin aperatures, and the shelves on the sides at the rounds are narrower.
COGNATE DESIGNS. Ernst produced the traditional subjects of professional pewter ice cream mould makers and certainly most if not all of his designs were those in use in Europe. Whether any of his patterns were original is not known, the only reasonably complete series of mould available for reference being those of Eppelsheimer+ Co., whose matermoulds overlap those of Ernst in time, and Frederick Krauss, whose serious production seems to have gotten underway shortly before Ernst died. Many of Ernst’s moulds suggest German designs and one, the Passion Flower is practically a facsimile of a mould by JB., particularly interesting because one of was copied from the same source. The same design was produced by CC (Copied K (S+Co 502) and by others, but the lower half and details differ from the JB and Ernst examples and they also lack the exuberance of the wavy abutting rims.
One of the Roses is like an early mould by CC (Type I-A), widely copied, but the detail on the bottom half varies slightly. The Morning Glory is a clone of a Cadot (II-C) the Crab is like a CC mould(Type II L-B), copied by Eppelsheimer (612) and by Krauss (174) but lacks the pebbled surface and small detail on the carapace and claws.
Clones fo four of the moulds are among the early moulds of E+Co: Melon slice (232), Asparagus spear (224), the four small eggs (320), 3-piece basket (305). The Tomato Medallion closely compares to (326).The Melon Slice differs only in hinges, position of fingerlugs, and weieght; the E+co 3-piece basket lacks the large cast latch, having a simple soldered and fitted one;The E+Co Tomato medallion is slightly smaller in overall diameter but the size and detail of the tomato design is identical. All five of the patterns probably came from a common source or sourcesrather than tghe Eppelsheimers’ moulds having been copied from Ernst. Anotgher E+Co (616) is similar in size and design to one of the shells and undoubtedly they derive from the same prototype, as does the larger shell not represented by an E+Co example.
The Melon Slice is also represented by an early Krauss (146), The Asparagus Spear,Romain Lettuce Leaf,, as well but having different tooling and chasing. Krausss also made a mould with Four Small Eggs (109) but the eggs graduate in successively larger sizes and the moud otherwise differs. Krauss’ Baskets, Tomato Medallion and Shells are quite different.
KRAUSS FLAT MOULDS, 4 types: (17:5,6,7)
I. SPRINGERLE. 30 listed in Crandall +Godley Co. Catalogue dated 1897 [prepared late 1876] and in Schall + Co Catalogue prepared late 1896. Not in S+Co catalog indicated date 1902-1903. Advertised by Fr. Krauss Son as late as 1915 (The Ice Cream Trade Journal) . 28 of the 30 listed in 1896-97 catalog supplied by the Elders. Unmarked. Sl tech diff early vs late. 18 is last of early group.
II. CANDY PENDANT with spike hole for insertion of thread near top of mould. Hard candy moulds have made effective Christmas tree ornaments. Size and design similar to Springerle moulds, many the same. No advertisement or other mention found. Unmarked.
III. CHOCOLATE MOULDS: 2 types, boxes on design in flat surfaces. Seven moulds: All cast marked: 3 with “F.Krauss/NY” (as on full round mould of Eagle on Orb;1 “Schall+ Co/ NY”; and 3 with both “S+Co” +”F.K./N.Y.” Krauss listed himself for chocolate moulds in Phillips Business Directory for 1894-1895 under Mouldmakers: “Krauss, Fr. CHOCOLATE+ICE CREAM
531 6th”.
IV Two large round [Honey cake] moulds with 17th century traditional German designs of Man + Wife and Noble w sowrd and Shield on caparisoned horse. No Marks. No mention found. Similar moulds of wood and sulfur used for marzipan Spekulatius, and other confectioners products in Germany,
Si = Old 1906-7
S2 = Thomas Mills + Bro cat. S-23 p 1917, perhps 1922
S3 = Illust. cat c 1940 + 1940 Supplement to 3.
S4 = Supplement to 3 + 1960 prices of 3
S5 = 1967, prices of 3
S+Co Catalogues as of 1978 [34:95]
1. Crandall + Goodley c 1888
2. Crandall + Godley 1874
3. Crandall + Godley 1897[1896][43:71,74,75]
4. S+Co [1897] Met,Mus Art Elisha Whittelsey Fund 1965[43:71,74,75]
5. S+Co early Illust. Cat(bound collect photo plates)1903 Smithsonian Amer Hist ASF[43:71,72,74,75]lack #46
6. S+Co c. 1905 “price List” [DBW now ASF][43:72]
7. [Krauss 1906 or 1907
8. Krauss [1909 or 1910]
9. Duparquet, Hoot.. Meuneuse [1909-10] - 617 last
10. Crandall Pettee Co 1922
11. Thos. Mills + B ro 5-23 [1923]
12. S+Co 1929
13. Thos Mills + Bro. [c .1930]
14. Krauss Ill. Cat. [c .1940]
15. Supplement to 13 [c .1941]
16. Krauss [c. 1950]
17. Thos. Mills + Bro. c.1950
On Krauss going into business 78-7-25 [34:97][cf 32:62-116]
1. 1st listing in directories as a metalworker,mouldmaker:
“Conrad”, 1872 [valid?]
Frederick, 1888, then 1892,1893
2. 1st listing in business directories: 1893
3. Copyrights: 1892 (319)
1893 (210 [valid?], 366, 375)
1896 (458)
1898 (37) (Krauss copyright?)
1899 (553)
On dating the stamping of “S+Co” into mastermoulds.
1. Moulds with no marks, later having cast “S+Co” :
130. 1/2 Walnut + Kernel.
151. Pear (28 examples without).
152. Peach.
?155. Orange.
160. 1/2 Peach w stone.
188. Duck Egg
?196. Grape Leaf.
201. Yum Yum (Type 1).
Last mould w stamped number : 378 (1853-54)(On mould w no marks); 293 (1889-1892) on mould w later “S+Co” [34:96]
?229. Boat Ship
?260. Walnuts (x3)
?293. Pea Pod
1A. Dates of above moulds:
151-253: Pre-1885 to c. 1898
378-563; 1893 to c. 1900
2. Moulds w no cast marks, other examples later having cast numbers but no cast “S+Co”:
319. Orchid Flower cop 1892
329. Fig w Leaf (20)
339. Waffle (20)
432. Ace of Hearts (Type B)
436. Ace of Diamonds (Type B)
440. Ace of Clubs (Type B)
444. Ace of Spades (Type B)
475. Heart
565. Lighthouse [no “S+Co” on master
2A. Est. dates of above moulds:
319-475: 1892-1897
565: 1900-01 [34-98]
3. Moulds w no cast marks but w stamped dealers’ names, w or wo stamped numbers. See later study.[34:99]
155. Orange. C.+ G. Co, No mark.
188. Duck egg D.H.M. + Co., no stamped mark
229. Boat, Ship. Aug. Maag, Balto. Stamped 229
293. Pea pod. Aug Maag Balto .Stamped 293
378. Hickory nut w bark T. Mills+ Bro/ Phila. Stamped 378
421. Apple. C.+G. Co. No stamped number
475. Heart. T. Mills + Bro/Phila. No stamped Number
3A. Latest estimated Dates of mastermouldss represented in 3.
475.: 1856+
421: 1854-95
378: 1883+
3B. Earlies tdates of firms mentioned in 3. See later studies [34:99]
C. + G Co. 1871 or earlier
D.H.M.+Co. 1889
Aug. Maag 1867; moved””Moulds” a88
T. Mills + Bro 1867 or earlier {1864 }
4. Last of moulds with “S+Co” + no number: [34:100]
249 (Post 1885), then gap to 320 (1892)
5. Last mould stamped V. Cladd:
323 (1892+), with cast number, also
305, 310, 252, with cast numbers.
5A. Date V Cladd became V. Clad + Sons:
1893-94 (Gopsill’s Dir for 1894, pub 1894-3).
(V. Cladd in Dir. for 1893, pub 1893-3)
On Krauss into Business. [34:101]
1. First lissting as mouldmaker: Conrad 1872; Fr 1888 [only moulds:1892,1893.
2. Firwt appearance in Business directories: 1893
3. 1First copyrights 1892(319, 1893 (210,366,375)
On stamping numbers into master moulds.
1.Last mould in early sequence “S+Co” + no number: 249 (post 1885) or 320 (1892).
2. Last mould stamped V clad: 323(1892+).
2A. Date V. Clad became V. Clad +Sons (1st appearance “V.Clad+Sons”) :Bopsill’s Fir of 1894(March); 1873 Dir. = “V.Clad.”
3. Last mould in early sequence with no “S+Co or cast number: 319(Des cop’d 1892). Cards 433-447 (Exception?)(+Poss later exceptions).
4. Stamped numbers: 229, 293, (No marks 378 (1893).
5. Stamped “S+Co”: 370(1893), 437(card), 446(card).
6. No marks except stamped marks: Aug. Maag 229 Boat, 253 peapod.
7. S+Co - No number: Horton stamped 305 4. Ave: 225, 226 (1885+).
| Allad[?] Dates:[34:102] | ||||
| 1885 | 1st 100: | 77 S+Co | 23 No S+Co: | c. 3:1 |
| 1890 | 2nd 100: | 68 S+Co | 32 No S+Co: | c. 2:1 |
| 1895 | 3rd 100: | 38 S+Co | 62 No S+Co: | c. 1:1 |
| 1899 | 4th 100: | 46 S+Co | 54 No S+Co: | c. 1:1 |
| 1905 | 5th 100: | 42 S+Co | 58 No S+Co: | c. 1:1 |
EARLY CASTINGS: Marked S+Co moulds lacking cast numbers [34:103-109]:
Infrequently seen are moulds marked only with a cast “S+Co”. With one exception (Mikado), they are from the same mastermoulds as examples which bear cast numbers and show “S+Co” in the same positions as on the numbered ones. It is evident that these represent early castings of Schall and Co moulds, before the numbers were stamped into the S.+Co./Krauss series of master moulds to appear as cast numbers on the pewter moulds. To date (72-9) I have noted 39 cases of different designs marked with a cast “S+Co” but no cast number. Checked against the numerical listing of S+Co/Krauss moulds, they fall within roughly the first half of that list; in terms of their equivalents with cast numbers the latest number represented is 320 (Knights Templar).
There has been no evidence found in or on the moulds themselves of the earliest date that the moulds unmarked with cast numbers represent, but there are clues, albeit scanty, as to when the numbers were struck into the master moulds so ending the period. These clues involve the position of the equivalent moulds in the numerical listing, the subject matter of some of the moulds, and secondary markings. Fortunately we can expect more data willo surface in the future that will strengthen the evidence or more precisely define theperiod of these moulds.
The indications are that the stamping of the numbers occurred quite possibly in 1893. The earliest firm date when the mastermouolds had not yet had the numbers applied is 1885. This is evidenced by two moulds, Yum-Yum and the Mikado, two main characters in Gilbert and Sullivan’s operetta, The Mikado, which had premiers in London, New York, and Chicago that year, and these two moulds could hardly have come from any other source.
A later date of 1892-94 is indicated by numbered moulds preceeding the latest number presently known to have been struck into the mastermoulds from which moulds had been cast with “S+Co” and no number. As noted above, the latest number is 320; thus it would appear that at least some 220 mastermoulds were meant to be involved in this first application of the numbers. Among these 220 mastermoulds is one with a copyright date of 1892. It is worth noting here, too, that a numerical masterlist appears to have existed for some time before the numbers were first stamped into the mastermoulds. Such suggestions of dates as have been noted fall into sequences consistent with numerical positions of the moulds in the listing. Thus, the debuts of the Mikado in 1885 and moulds of “Yum-Yum (#201 and the Mikado (#202); the centennial celebrations in 1889 of the establishment of the United States with the moulds of the American Shield (#281 ), Ameerican Flag (#282, 1st version), and Americasn Eagle (#283); the Quadri Centennial in 1892 of Columbus’ discovery of America with the Bust of Columus (#312); and finally, the Orchid Flower (#319), copyrighted by Frederick Krauss in 1892. Secondary marks, those of Valentine Clad and V.Clad + Sons (A later designation of the House) provide a indication of a possible date before which mastermoulds had been stamped with the numbers. I have found four cases where moulds with cast numbers (Nos. 252, 305, 310, and 323) have had the “S+Co” removed and “V.Clad” stamped on the hinge lugs. These moulds were apparently first issued at times between 1890 and 1893). Moulds with the “S+Co” removed and a later name of the firm with city, “V.Clad and Sons Phila”, stamped on the hinge lugs are relatively abundant. The latter name first makes its appearance in Gopsill’s Philadelphia City Directory Published in1894-3; editions of previous years list Valentine Clad for the business. Thus we know that S+Co/Krauss moulds were stamped with a probably 1894 or earlier die, “V. Clad”; at this one can merely postulate that the new mark, “V.Clad + Sons Phila”, so much more often seen, was used at least soon after adoption of the new company title.
Although they contribute no new chronological indications, two other cases of secondary marks should be mentioned here because they occur on moulds with “S+Co” but no number cast; they are not inconsistent with the evidence presented above. Examples of the large Apple and the large Peach (225 and 226 in the numbered list) have stamped on their hinge lugs “305. 4. Ave”, an address of the J.M. Horton Ice Cream Co., New York, as early as 1885.An example of the Candlestick (207 in the numbered list) has stamped on each hinge lug, “A. Parg NY”, and scratched through the G on one hinge lug is a “K”. New York City late 19th century directories list no “A. Parg” but an Archibald Park was a merchant, 1842-1866, with his business listed successively as haberdasher, thread , and fancy goods. The fancy goods is intriguing because other merchants of fancy goods are known to have sold Pewter Ice Cream Moulds. But our man is likely another Archibald Park who appears in Directories from 1885 through the 1890’s as a seller of straw goods.
It had been hoped that the cast marks, “S+Co” and the type-face of the numbers, might provide evidence of significant change but none has been found. The same dies, or dies of the same type face, were used from the earliest through mould #603 which appears to have been issued about 1905, the year when Henry Krauss succeeded his father and elder brother as head of the family business and stopped the stamping of the mastermoulds with “S+Co”. The same type face for numbers continued to be used throough mould 618(U.S.Army Hat), issued in 1918. Thereafter, when cast marks appeared they were of a different character.
S+CO MOULDS WITHOUT NUMBERS(78-7 many more) [34:110,111]
[110] Raspberries (x4)(35)
[175] Owl (7)
[207] Candle stick (7)
[246] Square (8)
[117] Egg (16) Roop
[179] Fox (7)
[212] Ace, spot Diamond (11) [247] Round (12)
[138] Carrot(10)
[181] Butterfly (7)
[215] Bunch of cigars (12)
[249] Oval (10)
[179] Pork chop(13)
[182] Hen in Basket (7)
[218] 3-part Glass (10)
[320] Knight Templar
[140] Strawberry basket(9)
[184] Turtle (7)
[220] Fancy glass (10)
[236] Aster (10)
[147] Mushroom (10)
[196] Grape leaf (8)
[225] Apple (4) (305 4th Ave)
[319] Orchid flower
[162] Cabbage (7)
[199] Die (8)
[226] Peach (4)
[163] Cylinder (7)
[201] Yum-yum (7)
[228] Corn (4)
[168] Lamb (9)
[202] Mikado (10) [MM diff]
[233] Yacht w Sailor (7)
Pat applied for + Des Cop’d:
176 Turtle (Pat) 210 Calla ¬ily (Pat) 319 Orchid (Des cop’d 1892) 366 Bunch of violets (Des Cop’d 1893)
375 Sweet Pea (Des Cop’d 1893) 458 Indian Chief (des Cop’d 1896) 553 Yacht Columbia (Des Cop’d 1899)
No S+Co, no cast Number, Stamped Aug Maag. Baltto + Number:
229 Boat 293 Pea Pod
Description of S+Co moulds without numbers compared to those with: See 182, 202, 207, 225, 226, 320, 236
[34:112,113,114]. S+Co Cards: 432-447 (7/qt) and 526-541 (9/qt) 1971-6 [34:119-121]:bottom halves and equate with the 400 nd
1. Of all the moulds seen only the aces bear cast numbers and these are in the 400 series only. (No moulds have the cast “S+Co”).
2.Counter parts from the two series which were ordered by number and size from W.J. Perry showed no difference. Specifically, two queens of hearts were exactly the same; an ace of spades ordered as 538 had the cast number 444 removed and 538 scratched on the hinge. In the case of other moulds ordered there was a difference in the depth (slight) and finish of the bottom halves although this difference was not consistent with the different series obottom halves have been modified by a ridge around the edge and bottom halves of thebeen buttressed; the exteriors of the f moulds as ordered.
3. In reply to a query as to the difference between the two series, W.J. Perry, in a letter 1971-4-7, wrote, “The only difference is in the bottom half which is slightly deeper.” Infilling my orders Mr. Perry apparently did not think this difference was significant.
4. I can distinguish two types, A. and B.. Each is further distinguished by two variations. In the case of type B. these variations include a difference in depth of the bottom halves and equate with the 400 and 500 series. This is not true in the case of type A.
5. Type A. appears to be the older. The examples come from old collections and, although not always a safe guide, their condition (patena, etc.) suggests they are the older. Type B. apparently represents a refurbishment of type A. The top halves of the two types are the same except for slight structural modifications for the purpose of strenghthening the mould: a triangular catch has been added and in the case of at least one ace mould (the ace of Diamonds) the hinge has been buttressed; the exteriors of the bottom halves have been modified by a ridge around the edge and bottom halves of two different depths are noted. All moulds received from Mr. Perry are type B.
6. The types thus are differentiated:
TYPE A. is characterized by a simple pair of the usual lugs; The exterior of the bottom is flat and plain; the interior of the bottom half is either stippled or plain but in either case the interior depth at the corner is 16mm.
TYPE B. is characterized by a triangular catch in addition to the usual lugs; the exterior of the bottom has a ridge around the edge and the bottom halves vary in depth and finish on the interior:
B1. The bottom interior is stippled and interior depth at corner is 16mm.
B2. The bottom interior is plain and interior depth at the corners is 14mm.
7. In accord with the catalogues and Mr. Perry’s statement B1 = 400 series, B2=500 series. A difference in type A 400 +500 series has not been found.
8.The top halves are flat on the interior with the card designs in Intaglio. (cf E+Co moulds. Each of the face cards have the same design in all four suites (ie the four kings are alike, the four queens are alike, the four jacks are alike), the moulds differing only in the symbol of the suite in the two corners. 78-7 1. Masters seen at Elders last fall: One set of mastermoulds plus set of suite indicators.[Like E+Co].2. 432-447 (7/qt) series type A refurbished possibly when issued; 526-541 (9)qt seens typ e B-1 526- 541 (9/qt) series type B1 (Same top for both). also possible: intermittent refurbishing of bottoms(stippled versus plaim.)
VORMENFABRIEK [V]
Founded1921
Model A (Stahlit) One piece top plate into which blanks are mounted.
B One piece top plate, no seams between mould blanks (only for pastilles,cat tongue + other flat shapes)
C Soldered to strips and these strips are folded + fixed to a frame
D Blanks are stamped into strips which are folded and fixed on a frame (onlu for flat shapes)
E. Small as C
F Same as C but not folded
G moulds for hand use
H Hinged eggs and other double moulds for hollow moulding
J for heavy jeanjean plant + Jensen plant
K Aasted-mould for massive plant
L Jensen-mould for massive plant
All stainless steel or nickel plated steel (Platinol and tin plate
1-100 bars and tablets
101-200 bonbons
201-300 Croquets + Pastilles
301-400 Christmas, Easter + Santa
401-500 Other shapes
Vormenfabriek Visit 1992
Mr Bernard Verbunt, export manager
Mr. Jacques Legdeur, former production manager?
Vormenfabriek made ice cream moulds by electrolytic deposit of metal w piano type hinge on the mould: 9 rounds, 6 cm long, 1.5cm deep., 1.7 cm to end. Spot welded and soldered afterward to prevent leaking. . Nickel icecream moulds were last made 1968-69. Now use silicone in a metal frame.
Yellow copper = Bronze (77% Cu + 23% Tin) pours at 900-1000° but not in sheets.
Red Copper = 98.9% Cu in sheets can bend and deep draw and polish.. Brass = Copper + Zinc
Pewter = (50% Tin + 50% lead.) 20 years ago used for soldering tin and strainless steel.
When Vormenfabriek started,in 1930 used Copper nickel plated.
Chronology of material of sheets for moulds:
Copper coated with Pewter (Cu + Pb)
Copper coated with tin by dipping
Brass (Cu + Zn) coated with tin
Steel, tin plated by dipping
Copper nickel plated
Steel nickel plated
{Nickel plating done on 10-20 copper dies, on a metal strip hung in an electrolytic bath for 12-13 hrs for 0.5 to 1.5mm final deposit of pure nickel (as for Tobronk bar by Tobler in Switzerland with sides too steep for pressing). Had to do it
electrolytically to close ends and avoid cracks Vormenfabriek began using in 1930 for ice cream bar moulds.}
Nickel clad steel, “Platinol” 5% (5mm) nickel sheet on each side of a 3x1.5 foot sheet of steel all 3 layers passed between rollers under heavy pressure and annealing heat of 800° in innert gas (N) to prevent oxydizing discoloration. Resultant sheet 1000 x 350 feet(?) x 0.5 mm (25 mu of nickel on each side) Nickel plating has a more open structure and is thinner than cladding and so rusted 10 x as much (2 min had 40-50 spots vs cladding 3-4 spots). However, cladding was more expensive and a few times a year the Ni would peel off. It polished less well. So it was used just during WWII. It was made exclusively by VDN (Vereinigk Deutsche Nickelwerke. of Schwerte) Made 2,00 moulds / week; 100,000 moulds a year, approx. 50 tons a year. 5% of nickel on each side. could be varied if desired. One side was polished
Nickel clad brass was better against rust than Plattinol especially for cutting in hotels like full brass and less expensive .
Stainless Steel (Steel w chrome 18°, nickel 8°) deep drawing quality is better but heat conductivity is less than steel (Best is Cu)
{Ductility (deep drawing quality) is measured by an Erichson Meter, Denmark. A 10 cm cylindrical hemisphere-nosed plunger is turned up by hand with measured force pressing the 0.5mm thick sheet of metal to be tested between 2 rings. The bottom ring is spring mounted to prevent wrinkling. The end point is when the bulge through the second ring begins to crack. The height of the bulge in mm is the “Erichson number”. Iron 9mm in 4-5 drawing operations. Stainless steel 13mm in 2 - 3 drawings}
When a mould is stamped the rounded shoulder means an edge of choclate which may catch as the excess chocolate is scraped off. So the edge must be sharp. In 1920’s after soldering the mould in a hole in 2mm thick plate the face of the flange is ground back to eliminate the shoulder. The grinding to tolerance is done on a magnetic table under the grinder It is deburred with a steel brush on a table which turns slowly. Then the mould is electrolytically tinned, only on ground surface.
Stainless Steel deburred and electrolytically polished leaves a mirror surface; additional deburring and electrolytic tinning makes a mirror finish. .”Stalit” = soldered, ground, polished and tin depoisited. , In 1975 icecream lollys moulds were 4 x 8 cavities in a plate w a handle on each end. Made in red copper. 1st draw blunt rounded shoulder; 2nd draw semi-ellipse; 3rd draw was 90 mm deep mould. Moulds were sent to Holland to be tinned in a bath, then soldered together in an assembly. in a plate. Ice cream was squirted in the top with a nozzle then a plate of sticks (inserted into the plate by hand) was set on top and the moulds were set in cold water until hardened (10-30 minutes); then into boiling water for a few seconds to release.
Sidam in Italy made an ice machine 4 ft across with moulds of stainless steel for the automatic production of ice lollys. It revolved with each step automatically performed, even to chocolate coating.; tunnel dried ; then automatically wrapped Rivet moulds were designed by Anton Reiche so the moulds could be pressed together on a table. The space between the tin mould and the steel jacket is filled with pewter. The chocolate filling is thicker than normal (30° instead of 33°) . When filled the sides of the mould are pressed together.
Reiche (1920 - 25) crimped circular mount in plattinol. It was used because quicker and cheaper not to avoid soldering moulds into a plate mould. The 0.5mm sheet was cut and crimped the plate w a trough and the mould flange with a turned up edge. Then the two were fitted together and the edge bent over and stretched toward the mould sealing the junction.
ANTHOINE PREDECESSORS [A]
A.Anthoine, whose father, Jean Baptiste Anthoine, purchased the business for him from Alphone Perrault on 1883-12-31 dated the founding of the house 1778. Among the marks he used were those of A. Perrault and cf Durood+Tardy9Les Etains Parisiens p 156) a mark showing a still, inscribed Etain Ein / F Brouilet/ 1778, as well as one with the initials J.C.C. which Tardy (Poincons d’etain, p 152) ascribed to Com, who was the successor of Boi.[36:54]
BROUILLET - PERAULT [Brou-P]
1778 Brouillet mark used by Anthoine. No mention in 18th century is given by Duroff+Tardy unless it be a Brouillard, 1789.
(They date Brouillet 1815-1840 at 28 R. Aubry-le Boulivar. Noting that he acquired the syringes of Négaser in 1830)
1789 Brouillard, 206 Rue Montmartre (Duroff+Tardy)
1808 Broulard, 104 Rue Montmartre (De la Tynna: Almanach du Commerce de Paris -first listing of Pewterers in his directories)
1809 Brouiller, R Aubry-le Bouchin, 28 (Barby at 102-104, R Aubry-le-Bouchen 28 (Idem)[36:54]
1814-15 Brouillet R Aubry-le-Boucher, 28(idem)
1816-17 Brouillet (Vve) “ “ “
1818-26 Brouillet fils “ “ “ cont by Bot
1827 Brouillet “ “ Bot
1828 Brouillet, suc de Negassek pour les syringues.... same address exp 1827
1829-1846 as for 1828 except “Exp 1827” deleted Bot
1847-1856 [No Brouillet] Perrault, Aubray le Boucher, 28 Bot
1840 Brouillet, successeur du brevet de Negassek,pour syringues ..., Aubry-le Boucher,28 D
1841-2 same plus “M.H. 1839” D[NB not under “Moules pour confiseurs(fab de) D
1843-45 Brouillet, MH 1839, R Aubry-le-Boucher,28 [Not “moules pour confiseurs(fab de(1843) or Moules(fab de) 1844,1845] D
1846 No Brouillet or Perrault D [36:55]
1847-1848 Perrault, suc de Brouillet, fab toutes sortes d’utensils de chemie et pharmacie ...Aubry-le-Boucher,28{No mention of confect mouldsand not listed under “Moules (fab de) D [36:56]
1849-1852 Perrault, suc de Brouillet, fab potier d’ etain, fabrique de moules a chandelles et a Bougies
en etain, moules a chocolat, fait la commission,Aubry-le Boucher, 28 [ under “moules (fab de} D [under “Potiers d’etain” no mention of chocolate moulds] D [36:56
1853 Perrault, AubryleBoucher,28; same under “moules(Fab de)[36:57]
1854 Perrault, successor de l’ancienne maison Brouillet, fabrique toutes sortes d’Utensiles de chemie...aussi tous les articles pour l’ epicerie, fait la
commission. Aurby la Bouher, 28 [under potiers d etoin] name +address,moules a chandeles et a bougies[under moules (fab de)][36:57]
1855,56 Not under moules. under potiers d’etainPerrault, R Aubry le Boucher 24[sic](1855), 28(1856) [36:57]
1857 Under “Moules(fab de): Perrault, moules a chandelles, a fromages a fruit, sorbetieres, etc St Martin, 109. 1st mention IC moulds.
U:nder Pot:Perrault (Ancienne Maqison Brreuillet), Fab d’utensils...art[articles] pour glaciers, commission St Martin 109; ci- devant Rue Aubry le Boucher[36:57,58,61 [edaal]
1858 under “Moules” + “pot...”: Perrault, St Martin 109 [36:58]glaciers,
1859 under ‘moules”: Perrault, moules a chandellers, a fromage, a fruits, sorbetieres etc. MH 1855, St Martin, 109.Under “Pot” same as 1857 plus MH [in rect] 1855 [36:58]
1860-62Perrault,StMartin 109 under moules + pot d’etain. [36-58]
1863-77 same pattern: sometimes just address, sometimes same statement as 1859 [36:58]
1878 under “moules(fab de): Perrault, moules en etain pour glaciers, sorbetieres de tout grandeurs, moules a fromage et a fruits, appareils a glacier a Engrandge[cogwheels] nouveau systeme pieves de fantasie, St Martin, 109. Same statement under glaciers (first appearance here). Under
“Pot” Perrault, fab de seringes... moules pour glaciers, appareils a glacier a engrenages nouveau systeme, St Martin, 109 [36:58]
1879-1884 Same statement as 1878 except headed, Perrault M[edal]H[of honor] 1878...and 1884 has new address:Boul. Reaumerchais 84; fabriquer Rue Amelot,73, ci-devant Ave St. Martin [36:59]
1883-12-31 Jean Baptiste Anthoine bought the business for his son Louis Auguste [Duroff+Tardy][36:59]
185 Anthoine, successeur de Perrault, MH 1878 ...same statement as 1879-84 [under Glaciers, moules(fab de) +(PA)”Potiers d’étain”] idem [36:59] Brouillets apparently did not make ice cream moulds[36:59,60]
Perrault first appears in dir in 1847. In 1849 listed self also under “moulds(maker of)” as maker of candle and of chocolate moulds on commission but did not mention chocolate moulds again.[36:60,61]
Perrault’s mark seen on some of his moulds continued to be uded by Anthoine who later applied his own marks A or AA to new masters and perhaps to unmarked old ones. In this span c 1856-1883 Perrault used A and B and the evidence is overwhelming that he used C as well. The cross section sides are // not V wedge shaped. [36:62,63]
COMMARMOT [Com]
1855 Not listed in Bot or D [36:64]
1854 Bot under “pot” :name +address only.(Not under moules).
D under “pot”name +adress only St.Honore 182, ancienne 2469also under “moules”[36:64]
1853 Bot: same as 1854
D: under “Pot”: “Commarmot, brevete, ancienne maison Boicervoise, potier d’ etain, ferblancer-mouliste, fabrique et ve nd Sorbetieres, moules a fromage et a fruits pour glacers, et generalment tout ce que concerne l’office et la cuisine;... St Honore,
182, ci devznt
264.” [36:64]
1852 D: as for 1853
Bot under “Pot”:Commarmot, sarbotieres, moules a fromages et a fruits pour glaciers, etc..,...St.
Helene, 182 [36:64]
1851+earlierBot:.[Commarmot+Co(sic) succeeded Boicervoise pb in 1835, 1st appearing in Bot for 1836][36:65]
1836-1840 Bot mention sorbetieres but not moules a frommage et a fruits [36:65]
1841-42 Bot: mention of moules en etain, cuivre et ferblanc [36:65]
1843-44 Bot: Simple address listing [36:65]
1845-51 Bot: Similar to statements in D for 1852 [36;65]
[1836-43 Commarmot + Cie. 1844 Coomarmot] [36:65]
1840 D Commarmot et cie[sic] [36:65]
1841 -44 D Commarmot et Cagny [3”6:65]
1844, 45,47,48,49,50,51 D:Not under moules”[36:65]
1845-51 D: Commarmot. Simple address only. 1st listed under “Moules” in 1852 (see above) [36:65]
BOICERVOIS-COMMARMOT + CAGNY, etc.[ BC]
The Boicervoise were a numerous and prominent family of Parisian pewterers in the 18th century, several holding high office in the pewterers’ guild. Tynna’s do not include pewterers until 1808 where only 14 were listed, 1809 incr to 28 including A.Boicervoise at Traversiere-St Honore,2. He was here in 1810, in 1811 moved to Rue St Honore, 246, where he remained + his successors, Commarmot+Cagny(1835), later Commarmot until 1851 ;’ then changed to Rue St Honore 182 until 1845 when the house disappears.[36:66]
1836 Bot gen: Commarmot et Cagny, Pot d’etain R. St Honore,246.[No Boicervoise][36:67]
1837-38 Bot under pewterers: Commarmot et Cie patented, makers of Serbotieres, pate and Jelly moulds in Cu Sn plate...boxes of toy soldiers for war games. R St Honore, 246 [36:67]
1839 Bot :similar
1840 Bot+ D: Commarmot et Cie. St Honore,246
1841 Bot: Commarmot et Cie. St Honore, 246 “Successor of ıoicervoise: Tin plate +Pewter manufacturer, pewter, copper,and tinplate moulds, Serbotieres ...boxes of soldiers for toys + war games, everything in tin plate +zinc, R St Honore 246.
D: Commarmot + Cagny, R St Honore, 246[36:67,68]
1843-44 Bot: Commarmot et Cie R St Honore, 246
D: Commarmot + cagny R St Honore, 246 [36:68]
1845 Bot under Pewterers: Commarmot, succ of Boicervoise and moulder of tin plate makes +sells Serbotieres, moules a fromage, et a fruits pour glacrs and everything pertaining to confectioary and cooking... St Honore 246
D: Commarmot, St Honore, 246 [36:68]
1846-51 Bot+D: list at St Honore,246. Occassional long statement like above in Bot.[36:68]
1852-54 Bot+D: Move to St Honore,182 . Long statement in D[36:68]
A young man Pierre Gervais Cagny was apprenticed to Antoine Guillaume maitre in 1766 and on the death of the latter was transferred to Andre Francois Boicervoise in 1769 (Duroff+Tardy) quite likely same family as the Cagny who w Commarmot succeded Boicervoise in 1835.[36:69] Etienne [in Traite de L’Office in collect of A. Câreme,1845] recommends three dealers in Paris for utensils for ice cream makers and confectioneryin gereral A copper smith, a cooper and particularly for ices, whether pewter or tinplate, M. Boicervois.” and later ..Prep and present of ices “One will find at M. Commarmot (maison Boicervois) small moulds of roses which, mounted on natural stems, produce a very fine effect on a salver.” and still later discussing soccles[bases} and baskets,”M commarmot Rue Saint Honoré, No 246, has made many moulds of this kind”[36:68,69]
Among the marks Duroff+Tardy illustrate as being used by Anthoine on pewter is that of Commarmot is that of Commarmot, so identified in a later undated wor of Tandy. Among the early 19th century French moulds with “A” type hinges is a group with small cast marks RV and other small marks, often badly detrited,many of which later appear copied with “C” type hinges made by Perrault [36:70,71]. Although there is a 3 year gape between 1845 when Commarmot disappeared from records and 1857 when Perrault first listed IC moulds in DB, it is possible that he acquired surviving Boscervoise-Commarmot MM [No evidence for IC MM] [36:71]
MARIE LETANG[ML]
MARIE LETANG + FILS [MLF]
Two moulds (DG] with cast initials M.L. and one with ML on top and ML+F added to bottom half, are known;have C type HI. A ML+F catalogue of 1869-70 illustrates 8 “Specimens”.[36:72]
1856-59 Marie Letang and H Shlim appear in Bot + D. (No mention of IC moulds. [not in Bot or D in 1855] [36:72]
1860-63 Marie Letang et H. Schlim (Marie Letang’s successor) (long statement in DB, no ref to IC M but pewter moulds for confectioners are) [36:72]
1864-66 DB: Marie Letang Fab speciale de moules en tous genre pour fabrts. de chocolat, confiseurs, patissiers, glaciers... [36:72]
1867-93 DB: MLF prev. statement plus “Apparlils pour glaces” [36:73]
1871-2 DB end of Glaciers: “... specialite de moules, fromages, bombs et Mathilde pour glacier.”[36:73]
1873 DB end Glaciers reuses:Specialite fe moules, fromages, bombs, mathilde, charlottes, glacres, etc., pour glacier” [36:73]
1876-77 DB under glaciers: adds to above “Sorbetiers. mecaniques perfectionners, rafraichissoirs, etc.” [36:73]
1886-93 DB “Spec de moules en tous genres et rafraichissoins pour glaciers, sorbetieres et turbines mecaniques, moules nouveau en etain, allegorirs, bustes, personnages, animaux et fruits.” [36:73]
1890 DB amends “moules nouveaux en ferblanc et etain” [36:73]
1892 1st listing under Pot d’etain: Specialite de moules en etain et mecaniques pour confiseurs, patisseurs et glaiers [36:73]
1894-97 DB:Letang. with change in house designation a retrenchment in length of entries suggesting death of ML. But under “glaciers”, “moules (fab de)” and Pot d’etain :”Ferblantiers.” Ads pick up in 1897 “but not as lengthy as in earlier years. [36:73,74]
1898-1903 DB Letang(Leon). Anc Maison Marie Letang [1898-1900 under “Glaciers”+”Moules” not under “glaciers” 1901- 1903] [36:74]
1904-1931 DB Letang(Leon) + Cie. (1931 last entry]. Under “Moules”; not under “Glaciers.” (But includes “Moules ... pour Glaciers” under “Moules”) [36:74] First mention of ICM in 1864, when ML dropped W.Schlim from designation of House. It appears as Marie Letang in the years
1864-66, becoming MLF in 1867. The two(DG) cat marked ML and the third with cast marks ML + MLF added (latter with different type face and strike) suggest ML may have used “C” type hinges as early as 1864-66. This would be some 10-12 years prior to CC’s patent of 1876. There are indications CC made DG MM’s with “C” type hinges and without the Brevete?SGSG mark prior to the patent issued to him, which included a salmon (B type hinge) (a symbol of perseverance and long life and his Marque de Fabrique registered the same year, which was the 50th anniversary Charles Cadot’s founding of the house; the whole situation, including the fact that the patent did not describe Cadot’s method of producing a “C” type hinge, suggesting that the patent and the registering of a trade-mark had ceremonial connations in honor of the elderly Charles Cadot as well as being good business moves in which Cadot’s son and successor no doubt played a large part.
Perrault’s making of ICM’s appears to date from c. 1856-83. During which span be used A, B, C type hinges.(The A type is not V shaped in cross section. No data bearing on the first use of C type hinges is available for Letang except that it was before 1889 [36:74,75]
Notes on appearance of C type hinges in France:[43 :56--65]
BOOKS, DIRECTORIES + JOURNALS
AC= American Creamery (1888-97); Ad = Advertisement; AF=Amtliches Fernsprechbuch; AHA= Algemeines Handels- Adressbuch im Deutchland...; Ann Belg= Annuaire de Com et del’Indust. de Belgique; B = Boyd’s Cop+ Residence-Bus Dir, NYC; Ba = Baldwin’s New Complete Guide...City of London; BBB= Buyers’ Blue Book NY-Newark classified Bus Dir; BBD = Birmingham Bus Dir; BCD = Brooklyn City Dir; BDL= Bus Dir London; Bir= Birmingham; Bot= Bottin (Sebastien) Almanach-Bottin du Commerce de Paris (1838); Bus = Business; C= Census; Ca= The Caterer; Cat= Catalogue; CBG = Confectioners’ + Bakers’ Gazette (1883); cd =commercial dir; CICR = Candy+Ice Cream Retailer, Chicago(1899-1927, became C); CJ = Confectioners’ J, Phila (1873); CO= Copyright; Co= Company; cop= copartnership + Corp Dir; CICW= Confectionary-Ice Cream World; Cot = Cotterell “Old Pewter”; ComReg=Commercial Register; CR = Confectioners’ Review, Cincinati (1904-45); CrJ = Creamery J, Waters, Iowa (1890-); Cur=H.A. Curtin’s Bus Dir NYC, Brooklyn+Newark, NJ; D = Didot Freres, Annuaire General du Commerce...; DB= Didot-Bottin (1857); DC= Death Certificate; DIC= Dairy Industry Cat; Dir= Directory; Do= Dogget’s NYC Street Dir; DP = Dairy Prod. MDSG; DR= Dairy Recoerd; DRA= Deutsches Reichs Adressbuch; DT= Duveneuil+la Tynna, Almanach du Commerce (1797-1819>Bot); DTA= Deutsche Telegram- Adressbuch fur des Bundesrepublik Deutschland u Berlin (west);; DW= Dairy Wrold; E= Edinburgh; G= Galaxy; GA= Graven’s Addressuch Koln; Go = Goulding’s Bus NYC Dir; Gop= Gopsill’s Phila City Dir; H = Hintz;; HA= Hamburg Adressbuch; HM = Hotel Monthly (1893-); HTD= Holden’s Triennial Dir; IC = International Confectioner, NY (1892); ICF= Ice Cream Field; ICJ = Ice Cream J.; ICMM= Ice Cream Mould Makers (1929); ICN= Ice Cream News; ICR = Ice Cream Review, Milwaukee (1817); ICTJ= Ice Cream Trade J, NY (1904); IMD= Ironmonger’s Diary; IMM= Ice Mould Maker; J= Journal; JLD= Johnstone’s London Dir; JT= J de la Tynna, Almanach du Commerce de Paris, des Departments del’ Empire francais et des Prin Villes du Monde (1807-1838); KD= Kent’s Dir; KLSD= Kelly’s London suburban Dir; L= Letter; La= Lain’s Brooklyn Dir; LAD= London Annual Dir; LE= Leuch’s; LLD= Lowndes London Dir; LGE= London Great Exhibition of Works of Industry of all Nations (Cat); M= Mould; Mas= MASSE, H.J.L.J. “The Pewter Collector”(1912); MUD= Mortimer’s Universal Dir; NCD= New Complete Guide...City of London; NS = Northern Suburbs; NY = NYC Mercantile+Manufacturers’ Bus Dir: NYS= NY+Surrounding Territory Classified Bus Dir; NYT= NY Times; NYW= NY Wholesale Bus Dir; OR= old
record; P= Phillips Bus Dir NYC; Pam= Pamphlet; Pat= Patent; PDP = Phone Dir Paris; Po= R.L.Polk’s (Trow’s) NY Dir; POLD= Post office London Dir;; POALD= Post Office Annual London Dir; PODB= Post Office Dir Birmingham; R = Charles R. Rodes NYC Dir; RFB = Reichsfirmen Fernsprach Buch; Rob= Robson’s London Dir; SKD= Sally Kevill- Davies(1983) “Jelly Moulds”; T= Trow’s NYC Dir; TB = Trow’s Bus Dir for Boroughs of Manhattan+Bronx; TC = The Caterer, NY; TD = Trade Dir; Tel= Telephone Dir; TM= Trade Mark; U = Uppington’s General Dir of Brooklyn; US= US Printing Co, NY Bus Dir; V= Visit; W= Wilson’s Bus Dir, NYC; WC= Western Confection; WLW= Wer Liefert Was?; Zie= Zeitschrift für Eiscreme (1924-27); (Others as in Mould Index Abbrev.) [30:1-10; 361-4]. Translat:ions: a= Aine [Sr]; Fa = Firma[firm of]; Ferblantier [tin smith]; GmbH= Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung [limited liability Co]; h= home; Hand= supplier to the group; HR= Incorporated; Inh = Inhaber [proprietor]; MH = medal of Honor [honorable mention [40:48]; Mon= Maison; Pot d’etain [Pewterer]; r= rear; Vve= Widow